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New York City "NYC" and "New York, New York" New York City ; NYC ; and New York, New York . New York City City of New York Flag of New York City Flag Official seal of New York City Nickname(s): See Nicknames of New York City state of New York state of New York New York is positioned in the US New York - New York State New York Body New York City Council New York City Long Island Hudson Valley (Lower) Hudson Valley (Middle and Upper) Capital District North Country Southern Tier Mohawk Valley Central New York Finger Lakes Western New York The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most crowded city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 populace of 8,550,405 distributed over a territory area of about 302.6 square miles (784 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated primary city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the town/city is the center of the New York urbane area, one of the most crowded urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York City exerts a momentous impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term New York minute. Home to the command posts of the United Nations, New York is an meaningful center for global diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the world's biggest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a separate county of New York State. The five boroughs Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island were merged into a single town/city in 1898. The town/city and its urbane region constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, and as many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse town/city in the world. New York City is home to more than 3.2 million inhabitants born outside the United States, the world's biggest foreign-born populace of any city. By 2015 estimates, the New York City urbane region remains by a momentous margin the most crowded in the United States, as defined by both the Metropolitan Travel Destination (MSA), 20.2 million residents, and the Combined Travel Destination (CSA), 23.7 million residents. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross urbane product (GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion. In 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. New York City traces its origin to its 1624 beginning in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was titled New Amsterdam in 1626. The town/city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were retitled New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's biggest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a motif of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, civil tolerance, and surroundingal sustainability. Many districts and landmarks in New York City have turn into well known, and the town/city received a record of nearly 60 million tourists in 2015, hosting three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed town/city in the world. Times Square, iconic as the world's "heart" and its "Crossroads", is the brightly illuminated core of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a primary center of the world's entertainment industry. The names of many of the city's bridges, tapered high-rise buildings, and parks are known around the world. Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful town/city and the dominant financial center of the world, and the town/city is home to the world's two biggest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world. Manhattan's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese citizens in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing athwart the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 universities and universities are positioned in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world. Main article: History of New York City See also: Timeline of New York City During the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of New York City today. In the precolonial era, the region of present-day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes of Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, encompassed Staten Island; the portion of Long Island, including the region that would turn into Brooklyn and Queens; Manhattan; the Bronx; and the Lower Hudson Valley. The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually turn into New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues). New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and retitled it "New York". A permanent European existence in New Netherland began in 1624 making New York the 12th earliest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States with the beginning of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, assembly was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam). The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually turn into Lower Manhattan. Following the purchase, New Amsterdam interval slowly. To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon fitness in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen ("patroons", or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded swathes of territory in New Netherland, along with small-town political autonomy and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. In 1664, unable to summon any momentous resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops led by Colonel Richard Nicolls without bloodshed. The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch inhabitants to remain in the colony and allowed for theological freedom. The English promptly retitled the fledgling town/city "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II of England). The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda, which concluded the Second Anglo-Dutch War. On August 24, 1673, amid the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Dutch captain Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from England at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it "New Orange" after William III, the Prince of Orange. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable populace losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape populace had diminished to 200. New York experienced a several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its populace to the disease in 1702 alone. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which finished about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the biggest city in the United States. Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, kids of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a momentous free-black populace gradually advanced in Manhattan. Under such influential United States framers as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that standardized was completely abolished in the state, and no-charge blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. In the 19th century, the town/city was transformed by evolution relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The town/city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which period the town/city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York amid the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's populace by 1860. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws amid the American Civil War (1861 1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to $5,835 in 2016) commutation fee to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and black citizens for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than 200 kids escaping harm due to accomplishments of the New York City Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants. According to historian James M. In 1898, the undivided City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then encompassed parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first assembled as separate private systems, helped bind the new town/city together. New York's non-white populace was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans amid the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City was home to the biggest urban African diaspora in North America. New York became the most crowded urbanized region in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the dominant town/city of the world, with Wall Street dominant America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was instead of in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the town/city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. In the 1970s, job losses due to industrialized revamping caused New York City to suffer from economic enigma and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial trade greatly improved the city's economic community in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, grade economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. The town/city and encircling area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and biggest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later finished them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the encircling area. The stone of the area, has created a new One World Trade Center, and a 9/11 memorial and exhibition along with other new buildings and infrastructure. An 800,000-square-foot (74,000 m2) permanent station designed by Santiago Calatrava, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the city's third-largest hub, was instead of in 2016. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest high-rise building in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of American independence. Main articles: Geography of New York City and Geography of New York Harbor Satellite imagery illustrating the core of the New York City Metropolitan Area, with Manhattan Island at its center New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. Most of New York City is assembled on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the town/city from the U.S. New York City The New York Times Building, 9. Further information: Architecture of New York City and List of tallest buildings in New York City Modernist architecture juxtaposed with classical architecture is seen often in New York City. The Empire State Building is a solitary icon of New York. New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the earliest section of which dates to 1656, to the undivided One World Trade Center, the high-rise building at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office fortress in the world by assembly cost. As of 2011, New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 instead of structures were at least 330 feet (100 m) high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 instead of high-rise buildings taller than 656 feet (200 m). The Conde Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American high-rise buildings and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects and AIA New York State for its design. The character of New York's large residentiary districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby apartements that were assembled amid a reconstructionof rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a "slightly lower hazard for tall buildings" in New York City than previously assessed. Main articles: Borough (New York City) and Neighborhoods in New York City The five boroughs of New York City: New York City's five boroughs v t e City of New York State of New York New York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, and in turn, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the boroughs, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each autonomous cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most crowded cities in the United States (Staten island would be ranked 37th) ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in the United States (New York [Manhattan], Kings [Brooklyn], Bronx, and Queens). Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the city's high-rise buildings. Manhattan's (New York County's) populace density of 72,033 citizens per square mile (27,812/km ) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city. Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the command posts of many primary multinational corporations, the United Nations Headquarters, Wall Street, and a number of meaningful universities. Several small islands are also part of the borough of Manhattan, including Randall's Island, Wards Island, and Roosevelt Island in the East River, and Governors Island and Liberty Island to the south in New York Harbor. New York City's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs. Queens is the site of Citi Field, the baseball stadium of the New York Mets, and hosts the annual U.S. The Bronx (Bronx County) is New York City's northernmost borough and the only New York City borough with a majority of it a part of the mainland United States. It is the locale of Yankee Stadium, the baseball park of the New York Yankees, and home to the biggest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City. It is also home to the Bronx Zoo, the world's biggest urbane zoo, which spans 265 acres (1.07 km2) and homes over 6,000 animals. The Bronx is also the place of birth of rap and hip hop culture. Pelham Bay Park is the biggest park in New York City, at 2,765 acres (1,119 ha). Under the Koppen climate classification, using the 0 C (32 F) isotherm, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), and is thus the northernmost primary city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (Dfa). The town/city averages 234 days with at least some sunlight annually, and averages 57% of possible sunlight annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunlight per annum. The town/city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone. Average winter snow flurry between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches (66 cm); this varies considerably from year to year. Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but they are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding various streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the town/city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the town/city and its suburbs. The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the town/city and the urbane region to minimize the threat of destructive consequences from another such event in the future. See Geography of New York City for additional climate knowledge from the outer boroughs. Flushing Meadows Corona Park was used in the 1964 New York World's Fair, with the Unisphere as its centerpiece. The City of New York has a complex park system, with various lands directed by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In its 2013 Park - Score ranking, the Trust for Public Land reported that the park fitness in New York City was the second best park fitness among the 50 most crowded US cities, behind the park fitness of Minneapolis. Park - Score rates urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of town/city area, the percent of town/city residents inside a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents. The Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York Harbor is a motif of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (10,521.83 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City, including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Main article: New York State Parks There are seven state parks inside the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural region that includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a 28-acre (110,000 m2) facility that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River. See also: Parks and recreation in New York City New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of enhance beaches. The biggest municipal park in the town/city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with 2,765 acres (1,119 ha). Paulson announced a $100 t to the Central Park Conservancy, the biggest ever monetary donation to New York City's park system. The Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park is an iconic motif of both New York University and Greenwich Village. Over a fifth of the Bronx's area, 7,000 acres (28 km2), is given over to open space and parks, including Pelham Bay Park, Van Cortlandt Park, the Bronx Zoo, and the New York Botanical Gardens. In Staten Island, the Conference House Park contains the historic Conference House, site of the only attempt of a peaceful resolution to the American Revolution which was conducted in September 1775, attended by Benjamin Franklin representing the Americans and Lord Howe representing the British Crown. The historic Burial Ridge, the biggest Native American burial ground inside New York City, is inside the park. New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. Military's only active duty installation inside the city. Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized amid the American Revolution, it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the command posts of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. Main articles: Demographics of New York City, New York City ethnic enclaves, and Demographic profile of New York City New York City had an estimated populace density of 28,053 citizens per square mile (10,756/km ) in 2015, with Manhattan alone at 72,033/sq mi (27,812/km ). For New York City itself before annexing part of the Bronx in 1874, see Manhattan#Demographics. Sources: 1698 1771, 1790 1890, 1900 1990, 2000 and 2010, 2015 Enumeration estimate. New York City is the most-populous town/city in the United States, with an estimated record high of 8,550,405 inhabitants as of 2015, incorporating more immigration into the town/city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census. More than twice as many citizens live in New York City as in the second-most crowded U.S. New York City attained more inhabitants between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S. City. New York City's populace amounts to about 40% of New York State's populace and a similar percentage of the New York urbane region population. In 2015, the town/city had an estimated populace density of 28,053 citizens per square mile (10,756/km ), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 inhabitants in the United States, with a several small metros/cities (of severaler than 100,000) in adjoining Hudson County, New Jersey having greater density, as per the 2010 Census. Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's 2015 populace density of 69,468 inhabitants per square mile (26,822/km2) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city. Further information: Chinese in New York City, Fuzhounese in New York City, Indians in New York City, Koreans in New York City, Filipinos in New York City, Bangladeshis in New York City, Japanese in New York City, Russians in New York City, Ukrainians in New York City, Irish in New York City, Italians in New York City, Caribbeans in New York City, and Puerto Ricans in New York City Approximately 37% of the city's populace is foreign born and more than half of all kids are born to mothers who are immigrants. In New York, no single nation or region of origin dominates. The ten biggest sources of foreign-born individuals in the town/city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi-born immigrant populace has turn into one of the quickest burgeoning in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2011. Asian Americans in New York City, as stated to the 2010 Census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. New York contains the highest total Asian populace of any U.S. City proper. The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's biggest Asian American populace and the biggest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban region in the world. The Chinese populace constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the initial Manhattan Chinatown, in Brooklyn, and around Flushing, Queens, are grow as traditionally urban enclaves - while also expanding quickly eastward into suburban Nassau County on Long Island, as the New York urbane region and New York State have turn into the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, in the order given, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and encircling areas, with the biggest urbane Chinese diaspora outside Asia, including an estimated 812,410 individuals in 2015. In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island. A improve numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu or Joseonjok) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the biggest Tibetan populace outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens. Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the biggest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's populace in 2010. New York City has the biggest European and non-Hispanic white populace of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic white populace is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles (1.1 million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined. The non-Hispanic white populace was 6.6 million in 1940. The non-Hispanic white populace has begun to increase since 2010. The European diaspora residing in the town/city is very diverse . People identifying lineage from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010. People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while citizens of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000 14,000 citizens . Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City, with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. The wider New York City urbane statistical area, with over 20 million citizens , about 50% greater than the second-place Los Angeles urbane region in the United States, is also ethnically diverse , with the biggest foreign-born populace of any urbane region in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the dominant metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami. It is home to the biggest Jewish and Israeli communities outside Israel, with the Jewish populace in the region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The urbane region is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, and 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns; the biggest Asian Indian populace in the Western Hemisphere; the biggest Russian American, Italian American, and African American populations; the biggest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American and second-largest overall Hispanic populace in the United States, numbering 4.8 million; and includes multiple established Chinatowns inside New York City alone. Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil were the top origin countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Egypt, Ghana, and Nigeria from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America. Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this populace had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the urbane region as of 2013. Main article: LGBT culture in New York City The New York urbane region is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual improve estimated at nearly 570,000 individuals, the biggest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days after that. Charles Kaiser, author of The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America, wrote that in the era after World War II, "New York City became the literal gay metropolis for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from inside and without the United States: the place they chose to learn how to live openly, honestly and without shame." The transgender improve in New York City played a momentous part in fighting for LGBT equality amid the reconstructionof the Stonewall Riots and after that. New York City is home to the biggest transgender populace in the United States, estimated at 25,000 in 2016. However, until the Stonewall riots, this improve had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Over the next a several decades and especially since the inception of the 21st century, New York City's transgender improve has grown in size and prominence. Further information: Jews in New York City Christianity (59%), made up of Roman Catholicism (33%), Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%), was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014, followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City, over half living in Brooklyn. Islam rates third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers and including 10% of the city's enhance schoolchildren, followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a range of other religions, as well as atheism. The Islamic Cultural Center of New York (Arabic: ) in Upper Manhattan New York City has a high degree of income disparity as pointed out by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the town/city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. As of 2016, New York City had the second-highest number of billionaires of any town/city in the world with 95, after Beijing, including former Mayor Michael Bloomberg. New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among primary U.S. Main article: Economy of New York City in New York City Full table at Economy of New York City In 2012, New York City topped the first Global Economic Power Index, presented by The Atlantic (to be differentiated from a namesake list presented by the Martin Prosperity Institute), with metros/cities ranked as stated to criteria reflecting their existence on similar lists as presented by other entities. The town/city is a primary center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for New York's broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a primary economic engine, handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014. In February 2017, New York City's unemployment rate fell to 4.3%, the lowest in the city's recorded history, with the town/city achieving the status of what many economists refer to as full employment. One out of ten private zone jobs in the town/city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among metros/cities athwart the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013. Real estate is a primary force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.072 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year, an increase of 10.6% from the previous year with 89% of the increase coming from market effects. The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at US$1.1 billion in 2006. New York City is home to some of the nation's and the world's most valuable real estate. As of 2013, the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's part as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as "Madison Avenue". The city's fashion trade provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Chocolate is New York City's dominant specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a "Chocolate District" in Brooklyn as of 2014, while Godiva, one of the world's biggest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan. The New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, the world's biggest stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies. New York City's most meaningful economic zone lies in its part as the command posts for the U.S.financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the biggest segment of the city's financial zone and an meaningful economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private zone jobs, 8.5 percent (US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average full time pay of US$360,700. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the town/city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies. Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central company precinct in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's biggest and second biggest stock exchanges, in the order given, when calculated both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012, while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage threat and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually. In fiscal year 2013 14, Wall Street's securities trade generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue. New York City remains the biggest global center for trading in enhance equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial evolution of the U.S. Economy.:31 32 In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association. New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of consolidation s and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in Manhattan are meaningful participants in other global financial centers.:34 35 New York is also the principal commercial cash dealing area of the United States. Further information: Tech companies in New York City and Biotech companies in New York City Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City urbane region's high technology industries involving the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, financial technology ("Fin - Tech"), and other fields inside information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. High technology startup companies and employment are burgeoning in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the dominant Internet core and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to a several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outside wireless connectivity. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. As of 2014, New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector. The biotechnology zone is also burgeoning in New York City, based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and enhance and commercial financial support. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to problematic biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and company doers at the center and with close-by academic, medical, and research establishments. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology. Main article: Tourism in New York City Tourism is a vital trade for New York City, which has witnessed a burgeoning combined volume of global and domestic tourists, receiving a sixth consecutive record of nearly 60 million visitors in 2015. Tourism had generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014, pending 2015 statistics. Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City were from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. According to the website reuters.com, "New York City tourism climb record high in 2015 for sixth year.". I Love New York (stylized I NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire State Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the town/city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is the state song of New York. Patrick's Day parade; cyclic activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and no-charge performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Major attractions in the boroughs outside Manhattan include Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens; the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island, Brooklyn; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx. The New York Wheel, a 630-foot ferris wheel, was under assembly at the northern shore of Staten Island in 2015, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, and the Lower Manhattan skyline. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. Main article: Media in New York City New York is a prominent locale for the American entertainment industry, with many films, tv series, books, and other media being set there. As of 2012, New York City was the second biggest center for filmmaking and tv manufacturing in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000 individuals; the filmed entertainment trade has been burgeoning in New York, contributing nearly US$9 billion to the New York City economy alone as of 2015, and by volume, New York is the world prestige in autonomous film manufacturing one-third of all American autonomous films are produced in New York City. The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York. In the first five months of 2014 alone, locale filming for tv pilots in New York City exceeded the record manufacturing levels for all of 2013, with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American town/city for the same distinct ion amid the 2013/2014 cycle. New York City is extraly a center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the biggest media market in North America. Some of the city's media conglomerates and establishments include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their command posts in New York. Two of the top three record labels' command posts are in New York: Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing trade employs about 25,000 citizens . Two of the three nationwide daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the town/city include: The New York Daily News, which was established in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post, established in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The town/city also has a elected ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines presented in more than 40 languages. El Diario La Prensa is New York's biggest Spanish-language daily and the earliest in the nation. The New York Amsterdam News, presented in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The tv trade developed in New York and is a momentous employer in the city's economy. The City of New York operates a enhance broadcast service, NYCTV, that has produced a several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in town/city neighborhoods and town/city government. Main article: Education in New York City The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the biggest enhance school fitness in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate major and secondary schools. The city's enhance school fitness includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and ted students. The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and theological schools in the city. Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 college studies establishments, the highest number of any town/city in the United States, including over half million in the City University of New York (CUNY) fitness alone in 2014. In 2005, three out of five Manhattan inhabitants were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated citizens in any American city. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Pace University, and Yeshiva University. The enhance State University of New York (SUNY) fitness serves New York City, as well as the rest of the state. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in small-town establishments as of 2005; while in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City. Major biomedical research establishments include Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island. The New York Public Library, which has the biggest compilation of any enhance library fitness in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second biggest enhance library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn. Main article: New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation New York-Presbyterian Hospital, white complex at center, the biggest hospital and biggest private employer in New York City and one of the world's busiest. The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the enhance hospitals and clinics in New York City. A enhance benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the biggest municipal healthcare fitness in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured town/city residents. HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a enhance benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based major care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's Metro - Plus Health Plan is one of the New York area's biggest providers of government-sponsored community insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they turn into sick or injured while in New York City. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County community system in Illinois. Main articles: New York Police Department and Law enforcement in New York City Further information: Crime in New York City The New York City Police Department (NYPD) represents the biggest law enforcement in the United States. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been the biggest law enforcement in the United States by a momentous margin, with over 35,000 sworn officers. Members of the NYPD are incessantly referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New York's Finest. In 2014, New York City had the third lowest murder rate among the biggest U.S. Cities, having turn into significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s. Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing amid periods when the country as a whole saw increases. By 2002, New York City's crime rate was similar to that of Provo, Utah, and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. Cities with populations greater than 100,000. In 2005, the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966, and in 2007, the town/city recorded severaler than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first presented in 1963. In 2015, 50.5% of New York City misdemeanor assault suspects were black, 33.3% Hispanic, 11.1% white, 4.8% Asian/Pacific Islander and 0.3% Native American. New York City experienced 352 homicides in 2015, its second lowest number on record. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including its use of Comp - Stat and the broken windows theory. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes, including from immigration. Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked metros/cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big metros/cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s. Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city. Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. Main article: New York City Fire Department The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) is the biggest municipal fire department in the United States. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, major response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the biggest municipal fire department in the United States and the second biggest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The New York City Fire Department faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. New York is also home to one of the biggest subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track. Further information: Culture of New York City and List of citizens from New York City New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York's Baruch College. A book including a series of essays titled New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940 1965 has also been presented as showcased by the National Library of Australia. In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, "Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather." Numerous primary American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the black literary canon in the United States. The town/city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the place of birth of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. The town/city is the place of birth of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, disco, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, and jazz in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world. The town/city is also incessantly the setting for novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and tv programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion affairs and is afforded extensive coverage by the media. New York has also incessantly been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor. New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art arcades of all sizes. The town/city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. Wealthy company magnates in the 19th century assembled a network of primary cultural establishments, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would turn into internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Main articles: Broadway theatre and Music of New York City Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to various influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park Summer - Stage presents no-charge music concerts in Central Park. Main article: List of exhibitions and cultural establishments in New York City New York City is home to hundreds of cultural establishments and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. In addition to other programming, the exhibitions collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the exhibitions and increase visitation. Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City. Main article: Cuisine of New York City New York City's food culture includes a range of global cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs examples of undivided New York street food. The town/city is home to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world", as stated to Michelin. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results. New York City is well known for its street parades, which jubilate a broad array of themes, including holidays, nationalities, human rights, and primary league sports team championship victories. Main article: New York City English The New York region is home to a distinct ive county-wide speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. The traditional New York region accent is characterized as non-rhotic, so that the sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the town/city name as "New Yawk." There is no in words like park or (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter , or here . Citi Field, also in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, has been home to the New York Mets since 2009. Main article: Sports in New York City New York City is home to the command posts of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York urbane region hosts the most sports squads in these five experienced leagues. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever assembled around the world (Met - Life Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are positioned in the New York urbane area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, the initial Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are sporting venues positioned in New York City, the latter two having been memorialized on U.S. New York has been described as the "Capital of Baseball". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City squads played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000. The city's two current Major League Baseball squads are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won a record 27 championships, while the Mets have won the World Series twice. The town/city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once, and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. The town/city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both squads play their home games at Met - Life Stadium in close-by East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers represent the town/city in the National Hockey League. Also inside the urbane region are the New Jersey Devils, who play in close-by Newark, New Jersey. The city's National Basketball Association squads are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association. The first nationwide college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The town/city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the town/city by small-town youth, many of whom have gone on to play for primary college programs and in the NBA. In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium. The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in close-by Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the town/city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly prosperous former experienced soccer team which was the American home of Pele. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. Shuart Stadium on the ground of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York. The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's biggest running marathon, with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with affairs like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The town/city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and earliest of horse racing's Triple Crown competitions, held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June. The Gaelic games are played in Riverdale, Bronx at Gaelic Park, home to the New York GAA, the only North American team to compete at the senior inter-county level. New York City is home to the two busiest rail stations in the US, including Grand Central Terminal. Main article: Transportation in New York City New York City's elected transit fitness is both complex and extensive. Main article: Mass transit in New York City Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area. The New York City Subway is the world's biggest rapid transit fitness by length of routes and by number of stations. The iconic New York City Subway fitness is the biggest rapid transit fitness in the world when calculated by stations in operation, with 472, and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway fitness is open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong, London, Paris, Seoul, and Tokyo. The New York City Subway is also the busiest urbane rail transit fitness in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.76 billion passenger rides in 2015, while Grand Central Terminal, also referred to as "Grand Central Station", is the world's biggest stockyards station by number of train platforms. Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace. According to the New York City Comptroller, workers in New York City region spend an average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the country among large cities. New York is the only US town/city in which a majority (52%) of homeholds do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their homehold income on transit than the nationwide average, saving $19 billion annually on transit compared to other urban Americans. New York City's commuter rail network is the biggest in North America. The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines. In Queens, the elevated Air - Train citizens mover fitness joins JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road; a separate Air - Train fitness is prepared alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect La - Guardia Airport to these transit systems. For intercity rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a momentous margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the the rest are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro). Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under assembly in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension. New York City's enhance bus fleet is the biggest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the chief intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world. New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air transit corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York urbane region include John F. Gateways for global air passengers, in the order given, in 2012; as of 2011, JFK was the busiest airport for global passengers in North America. Plans have advanced to grew passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild La - Guardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar universal to replace its aging facilities. Other commercial airports in or serving the New York urbane region include Long Island Mac - Arthur Airport, Trenton Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport. Even with New York's heavy reliance on its vast enhance transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other and to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. New York City is positioned on one of the world's biggest natural harbors, and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are (primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are positioned at the west end of the larger Long Island, and The Bronx is positioned at the southern tip of New York State's mainland. Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey by a several tunnels as well. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world. The tunnel was assembled freshwater a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927. The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, assembled to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the biggest non-federal universal in its time when it was instead of in 1940. President Franklin D. Main article: Environmental issues in New York City New York City has concentrated on reducing its surroundingal impact and carbon footprint. Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the town/city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any town/city in North America. New York's high rate of enhance transit use, over 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014, and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient primary city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score titled New York City the most walkable large town/city in the United States. Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 enhance bicycles for the city's bike-share universal in the summer of 2013. Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative. New York City's numerical "in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the town/city hit an all-time high in 2013. Main articles: Food and water in New York City and New York City waterworks fitness New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four primary cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants. The Croton Watershed north of the town/city is undergoing assembly of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's waterworks by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water. The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City waterworks system, is the biggest capital assembly universal in the city's history, with segments serving Manhattan and The Bronx completed, and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens prepared for assembly in 2020. Newtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, has been designated a Superfund site for surroundingal clean-up and remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many communities. One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey, it had been one of the most contaminated industrialized sites in the country, including years of discarded toxins, an estimated 30 million US gallons (110,000 m3) of spilled oil, including the Greenpoint petroleum spill, raw sewage from New York City's sewage system, and other accumulation. Main articles: Government of New York City and Politics of New York City New York City Hall is the earliest City Hall in the United States that still homes its initial governmental functions. New York City has been a urbane municipality with a mayor council form of government since its consolidation in 1898. In New York City, the town/city government is responsible for enhance education, correctional establishments, enhance safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, waterworks, and welfare services. The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record are the code of small-town laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, in the order given. The New York County Courthouse homes the New York Supreme Court and other offices. Each borough is coextensive with a judicial precinct of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the small-town courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts primary trials and appeals. Uniquely among primary American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the chief chapters of, two different US precinct courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose chief courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose chief courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley Square in Manhattan. Bill de Blasio, the current and 109th Mayor of New York City As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the town/city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs. New York is the most meaningful source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ZIP codes in the country for political contributions are in Manhattan. City inhabitants and businesses also spent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009 2010 fiscal year to the state of New York than the town/city received in return. Main article: List of citizens from New York City In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. Was restructured and retitled New York City Global Partners. New York City has period its global outreach via this program to a network of metros/cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers, as stated to the city's website. New York's historic sister metros/cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network. a b c d "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015 2015 Population Estimates New York". The Mayor, New York City Office of (January 8, 2010). New York, City of. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2014 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 United States Places of 50,000+ Population 2014 Population Estimates". Quick Facts for New York city, New York, United States Enumeration Bureau. Stormwater, New York City Department of Environmental Protection. "These impervious surfaces cover approximately 72% of New York City's 305 square miles in territory area and generate a momentous amount of stormwater." Additionally, the fast-paced lifestyle of New York City demands adjusting. "Dictionary Full Definition of NEW YORK MINUTE". "The Headquarters of the United Nations is positioned in New York City, along the East River. The City of New York. "Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture". "Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) Culture". "New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940 1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock ; essays by Dore Ashton ... For instance, Shanghai, the biggest Chinese town/city with the highest economic production, and a fast-growing global financial hub, is far from matching or surpassing New York, the biggest city in the U.S. "New York City". "Port in a Storm: The Port of New York in World War II". New York State Museum. "Boroughs of New York City". The New York City Department of Correction. The New York Times. "Place of Birth by Year of Entry by Citizenship Status for the Foreign-Born Population - Universe: Foreign-born populace 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York City". Metro Economies (note CSA 2012 GMP total includes total of New York, Bridgeport, New Haven, Allentown, Trenton, Poughkeepsie, and Kingston MSA 2012 GMP values cited)" (PDF). IHS Global Insight, The United States Conference of Mayors, and The Council on Metro Economies and the New American City. "United States History History of New York City, New York". "KINGSTON Discover 300 Years of New York History DUTCH COLONIES". "New York City tourism climbs to record high in 2015 for sixth year". 3: Times Square, New York City Annual Visitors: 50,000,000". 10 Grand Central Terminal, New York City 1: Times Square, New York City". "New York Architecture Images- Midtown Times Square". Buildings in New York City, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. "Sorry, London: New York Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City". "Manhattan, New York Some of the Most Expensive Real Estate in the World Overlooks Central Park". "Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet" (PDF). New York Times. 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"New York Urbanized Area: Population & Density from 1800 (Provisional)". "The Center of the World New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript)". The New York Times. At approximately 800,000 square feet, the Hub, designed by internationally acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava, is the third biggest transportation center in New York City." "New York City Skyscraper Diagram". "One World Trade Center On Top As Tallest Building In New York City". "It's official: 1 World Trade Center is now New York's tallest high-rise building". "Two Days in September", The New York Times, September 14, 2012. Is 228 miles (367 km) driving distance from New York, and Boston is 217 miles (349 km) driving distance from New York. Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. New York State Gazetteer from 2010 United States Census, United States Enumeration Bureau. The New York Times. Outside Magazine's Urban Adventure New York City. 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"K1084-2011: Recognizing Yunnan Province and Chongqing Municipality of the People's Republic of China as a "Sister City" with New York City". New York State Senate. New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising a History of the City of New York, a Description of its Present Condition, and an Estimate of its Future Increase. & Wallace, Mike (1999), Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-195-11634-8 The WPA Guide to New York City (1995 reissue ed.). New York: The New Press. (1995), The Encyclopedia of New York City, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300 - 055366 Empire City: New York Through the Centuries. American Metropolis: A History of New York City. White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000), AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.), New York: Three Rivers Press, ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5 The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts. Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York City. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for New York City. NYC Go, official tourism website of New York City New York City at DMOZ Geographic data related to New York City at Open - Street - Map. Collections, 145,000 NYC photographs at Museum of the City of New York "The New New York Skyline". 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