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Borough of New York City Bronx County Yankee Stadium (center), Bronx County Courthouse and the Grand Concourse towards the top. Yankee Stadium (center), Bronx County Courthouse and the Grand Concourse towards the top. Location of the Bronx, shown in red, in New York City Location of the Bronx, shown in red, in New York City County Bronx City New York City Type Borough (New York City) (Bronx County) The Bronx (/ br eks/) is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, inside the U.S. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one that has the majority of its region on the U.S. Mainland and, with a territory area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a populace of 1,455,444 in 2015, has the fourth-largest territory area, the fourth-highest population, and the third-highest populace density. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the same boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York and the third most densely populated county in the United States. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a hillier section in the west, closer to Manhattan, and a flatter easterly section, closer to Long Island. The West Bronx was took in to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914. About a quarter of the Bronx's region is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the borough's north and center. The name "Bronx" originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the region as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany, and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the southern United States. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide range also includes well-to-do, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park, and Country Club. The Bronx, especially the South Bronx, saw a sharp diminish in population, livable housing, and the character of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. New York City's five boroughs v t e City of New York The Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape (also known historically as the Delawares), while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga church in Smaland, Sweden, who appeared in New Netherland amid the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the region now known as the Bronx and assembled a farm titled "Emmanus" close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street in Mott Haven. He leased territory from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan Island), and bought additional tracts from the small-town tribes. The Bronx is referred to with the definite article as "The Bronx," both legally and colloquially. The County of Bronx does not place "The" immediately before "Bronx" in formal references, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses. The region was apparently titled after the Bronx River and first appeared in the "Annexed District of The Bronx" created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County. "We have always been very proud of the fact that you do not go to Bronx but to The Bronx, meaning to visit that family or what remains of it," said Audrey Bronk, whose husband Charles is a 10th-generation descendant of Pieter. It would be capitalized ("The Bronx") at the beginning of a sentence or in any other situation when a normally lowercase word would be capitalized. However, some citizens and groups refer to the borough with a capital letter at all times, such as Lloyd Ultan, a Bronx County Historical Society historian, and the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx, a Bronx-based organization. These citizens say that the definite article is part of the proper name. In particular, the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx is dominant efforts to make the town/city refer to the borough with an uppercase definite article in all uses, comparing the lowercase article in The Bronx's name to "not capitalizing the 's' in 'Staten Island.'" The Bronx was originally part of Westchester County, but it was ceded to New York County in fragments before it became Bronx County. See also: List of former municipalities in New York City The evolution of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic locale between New England and New York (Manhattan). The territory now contained inside Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 initial counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the suburbs of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. The whole territory east of the Bronx River was took in to the town/city in 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. On January 1, 1898, the merged City of New York was born, including the Bronx as one of the five distinct Boroughs. (At the same time, the Bronx's territory moved from Westchester County into New York County, which already contained Manhattan and the rest of pre-1874 New York City.) On April 19, 1912, those parts of New York County which had been took in from Westchester County in the past decades were newly constituted as Bronx County, the 62nd and last county to be created by the state, effective in 1914. Bronx County's courts opened for company on January 2, 1914 (the same day that John P. Mitchel started work as Mayor of New York City). Marble Hill, Manhattan was now connected to the Bronx, but it did not turn into part of that county by a historical accident due to shifts in waterways. Total populace of the Bronx 1,265,258 Total populace of the Bronx 1,332,650 The history of the Bronx amid the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom reconstructionamid 1900 29, with a populace growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The mid to late century were difficult times, as the Bronx declined 1950 85 from a dominantly moderate-income to a dominantly lower-income region with high rates of violent crime and poverty. New York City expands The Bronx was a mostly non-urban area for generations, small farms supplying the town/city markets, but it interval into a barns suburb in the late 19th century. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in populace as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a primary boom in residentiary construction. In 1937, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. This migration has left a mostly poor African American and Hispanic (largely Puerto Rican) populace in the West Bronx. Historians and civil scientists have suggested many factors, including the theory that Robert Moses' Cross Bronx Expressway finished existing residentiary neighborhoods and created instant slums, as put forward in Robert Caro's biography The Power Broker. Another factor in the Bronx's diminish may have been the evolution of high-rise housing projects, especially in the South Bronx. Yet another factor may have been a reduction in the real estate listings and property-related financial services offered in some areas of the Bronx, such as mortgage loans or insurance policies a process known as redlining. Out of 289 census tracts in the Bronx borough, 7 tracts lost more than 97% of their buildings to fire and abandonment between 1970 and 1980; another 44 tracts had more than 50% of their buildings meet the same fate. By the early 1980s, the South Bronx was considered one of the most blighted urban areas in the country, with a loss of 60% of the populace and 40% of housing units. Since the late 1980s, momentous evolution has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and improve members working to rebuild the social, economic and surroundingal transit framework by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. More bank chapters opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has severaler chapters per person than other boroughs. In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the diminish of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have turn into the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building assembly since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were assembled or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. Under consideration for future evolution is the assembly of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjoining to Lehman College. Main article: Geography of New York City New York Times 1896 map of parks and transit in the newly took in Bronx. John's College (now Fordham University) in violet, and the town/city limits of the newly period New York in red. Enumeration Bureau, Bronx County has a total region of 57 square miles (150 km2), of which 42 square miles (110 km2) is territory and 15 square miles (39 km2) (27%) is water. The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. Its bedrock is primarily Fordham gneiss, a high-grade heavily banded metamorphic modern including momentous amounts of pink feldspar. Marble Hill politically part of Manhattan but now physically attached to the Bronx is so-called because of the formation of Inwood Marble there as well as in Inwood, Manhattan and parts of the Bronx and Westchester County. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. The Bronx River flows south from Westchester County through the borough, emptying into the East River; it is the only entirely contaminating river in New York City. A lesser river, the Hutchinson River (named after the theological prestige Anne Hutchinson, killed along its banks in 1641), passes through the East Bronx and empties into Eastchester Bay. The Bronx also includes a several small islands in the East River and Long Island Sound, such as City Island and Hart Island. Rikers Island in the East River, home to the large jail complex for the entire city, is also part of the Bronx. See also: List of lesser islands in New York City The Bronx's highest altitude at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm region near the Riverdale Country School. The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying territory that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck. Main source: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Although Bronx County was the third most densely populated county in the United States as of 2006 (after Manhattan and Brooklyn), 7,000 acres (28 km2) of the Bronx about one-fifth of the Bronx's area, and one-quarter of its territory area is given over to parkland. The vision of a fitness of primary Bronx parks connected by park-like thoroughfares is usually attributed to John Mullaly. Woodlawn Cemetery, one of the biggest cemeteries in New York City, sits on the bank of the Bronx River near Yonkers. The northern side of the borough includes the biggest park in New York City Pelham Bay Park, which includes Orchard Beach and the fourth-largest, Van Cortlandt Park, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders Yonkers. Nearer the borough's center, and along the Bronx River, is Bronx Park; its northern end homes the New York Botanical Gardens, which preserve the last patch of the initial hemlock forest that once veiled the entire county, and its southern end the Bronx Zoo, the biggest urban zoological plant nurseries in the United States. Just south of Van Cortlandt Park is the Jerome Park Reservoir, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of contemporary walls and bordering a several small parks in the Bedford Park neighborhood; the reservoir was assembled in the 1890s on the site of the former Jerome Park Racetrack. Further south is Crotona Park, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool. The territory for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while territory was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development. In 2006, a five-year, $220-million program of capital improvements and natural restoration in 70 Bronx parks was begun (financed by water and sewage revenues) as part of an agreement that allowed a water filtration plant under Mosholu Golf Course in Van Cortlandt Park. See also: List of Bronx neighborhoods, Bronx Community Board, and Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York According to a Department of City Planning map of the city's neighborhoods, the Bronx has 49. Notable Bronx neighborhoods include the South Bronx; Little Italy on Arthur Avenue in the Belmont section; and Riverdale. (Bronx Community Boards 9 [south central], 10 [east], 11 [east central] and 12 [north central] ) East of the Bronx River, the borough is mostly flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying territory which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income enhance housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's biggest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. Neighborhoods include: Clason's Point, Harding Park, Soundview, Castle Hill, Parkchester (Board 9); Throggs Neck, Country Club, City Island, Pelham Bay, Edgewater Park, Co-op City (Board 10); Westchester Square, Van Nest, Pelham Parkway, Morris Park (Board 11); Williamsbridge, Eastchester, Baychester, Edenwald and Wakefield (Board 12). Main articles: City Island, Bronx and Hart Island, New York City Island is positioned east of Pelham Bay Park in Long Island Sound and is known for its seafood restaurants and private waterfront homes. City Island's single shopping street, City Island Avenue, is reminiscent of a small New England town. It once served as a prison and now homes New York City's Potter's Field or pauper's graveyard for unclaimed bodies. (Bronx Community Boards 1 to 8, progressing roughly from south to northwest) The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income enhance housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more well-to-do areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston. It includes New York City's fourth-largest park: Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. (Bronx Community Boards 7 [between the Bronx and Harlem Rivers] and 8 [facing the Hudson River] plus part of Board 12) (Marble Hill, Manhattan is now connected by territory to the Bronx clean water Manhattan and is served by Bronx Community Board 8.) (Bronx Community Boards 1 to 6 plus part of Board 7 progressing northwards, Boards 2, 3 and 6 border the Bronx River from its mouth to Bronx Park, while 1, 4, 5 and 7 face Manhattan athwart the Harlem River) Like other neighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income enhance housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as Yankee Stadium. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas. Neighborhoods include: The Hub (a retail precinct at Third Avenue and East 149th Street), Port Morris, Mott Haven (Board 1), Melrose (Board 1 & Board 3), Morrisania, East Morrisania [also known as Crotona Park East] (Board 3), Hunts Point, Longwood (Board 2), Highbridge, Concourse (Board 4), West Farms, Belmont, East Tremont (Board 6), Tremont, Morris Heights (Board 5), University Heights, and Fordham (Board 5 & Board 7). Nassau County, New York southeast (across the East River) Queens County, New York (Queens) south (across the East River) New York County, New York (Manhattan) southwest See also: Transportation in New York City Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern region of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside. Three primary north-south thoroughfares run between Manhattan and the Bronx: Third Avenue, Park Avenue, and Broadway. Mosholu and Pelham Parkways, with Bronx Park between them, Van Cortlandt Park to the west and Pelham Bay Park to the east, are also linked by bridle paths. Thirteen bridges and three tunnels connect the Bronx to Manhattan, and three bridges connect the Bronx to Queens. The Bronx is served by six lines of the New York City Subway with 70 stations in the Bronx: According to a 2013 Enumeration Bureau estimate, 45.8% of the Bronx's populace was white, 43.3% was black or African American, 4.2% Asian, 3.0% American Indian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, and 3.3% of two or more competitions. According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's populace was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the populace was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.2% of two or more competitions (non-Hispanic). As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx inhabitants aged five and older spoke Spanish at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke English, 2.48% (31,361) African languages, 0.91% (11,455) French, 0.90% (11,355) Italian, 0.87% (10,946) various Indic languages, 0.70% (8,836) other Indo-European languages, and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the populace over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's populace age five and older spoke a language at home other than English. A Garifuna-speaking improve from Honduras and Guatemala also makes the Bronx its home. According to the 2009 American Community Survey, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population. However, non-Hispanic caucasians formed under one-eighth (12.1%) of the population, down from 34.4% in 1980. Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and percentage of white residents. The Bronx is the only New York City borough with a Hispanic majority, many of whom are Puerto Ricans and Dominicans. At the 2009 American Community Survey, Black Americans made the second biggest group in the Bronx after Hispanics and Latinos. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's populace was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). The Enumeration of 1930 counted only 1.0% (12,930) of the Bronx's populace as Negro (while making no distinct counts of Hispanic or Spanish-surname residents). Total populace of the Bronx 1,265,258 Total populace of the Bronx 1,332,650 There were 490,659 housing units at an average density of 11,674.8 per square mile (4,507.4/km ). Recent Enumeration estimates place total populace of Bronx county at 1,392,002 as of 2012. Main article: Government of New York City Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, the Bronx has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for enhance education, correctional establishments, libraries, enhance safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, waterworks, and welfare services in the Bronx. Each borough president had a powerful administrative part derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for territory use. Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an promote for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrion Jr., propel as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Ruben Diaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican precinct prestige Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line, became Borough President on May 1. Controversial political issues in the Bronx include environmental issues, the cost of housing, and annexation of parkland for new Yankee Stadium. Since its separation from New York County on January 1, 1914, the Bronx, has had, like each of the other 61 counties of New York State, its own criminal court fitness and District Attorney, the chief enhance prosecutor who is directly propel by prominent vote. Johnson, a Democrat, has been the District Attorney of Bronx County since 1989. Eight members of the New York City Council represent districts wholly inside the Bronx (11 18), while a ninth represents a Manhattan precinct (8) that also includes a small region of the Bronx. 2005 New York City Council In 2008, three Democrats represented almost all of the Bronx in the United States House of Representatives. Serrano (first propel in March 1990) represents New York's 16th congressional district, which covers much of the South Bronx. It was, in 2000, the poorest of the nation's 435 districts (42.8% below the poverty line); it was also the most Hispanic of New York state's 29 congressional districts (62.8%) and the youngest (34.5% under 18 years old; 6.7% over 65). Eliot Engel (first propel in 1988) represents the 17th District which includes parts of the northwest Bronx as well as parts of Westchester and Rockland counties. Joseph Crowley (first propel in 1998) represents the 7th District which spans the East Bronx and includes Co-op City, City Island, Pelham Bay, Morris Park, Pelham Parkway, Parkchester, Castle Hill and Throgs Neck, as well as parts of northwest Queens. In 2006, the Congressional election returns in this precinct encompassed no votes from the Bronx or Queens.) 11 out of 150 members of the New York State Assembly (the lower home of the state legislature) represent districts wholly inside the Bronx. Six State Senators out of 62 represent Bronx districts, half of them wholly inside the County, and half straddling other counties. In 2005, the Democratic former Bronx Borough President Fernando Ferrer won 59.8% of the borough's vote against 38.8% (35.3% Republican, 3.5% Independence Party) for Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who carried every other borough in his winning campaign for re-election. After becoming a separate county in 1914, the Bronx has supported only two Republican Presidential candidates. Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for President, starting with a vote of 2 1 for the unsuccessful Al Smith in 1928, followed by four 2 1 votes for the prosperous Franklin D. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was Fiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937 and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30% to 32% vote on the American Labor Party line was added to 22% to 23% as a Republican). The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the prosperous Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors Rudolph Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005. The Bronx County Vote for President and Mayor since 1952 President & Vice President of the United States Mayor of the City of New York For details of votes and parties in a particular election, click the year or see New York City mayoral elections. See also: Economy of New York City Prominent shopping areas in the Bronx include Fordham Road, Bay Plaza in Co-op City, The Hub, the Riverdale/Kingsbridge shopping center, and Bruckner Boulevard. The Hub Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, positioned where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues. It is primarily positioned inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven. The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx. It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street. The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1. The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, assembled on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, south of Yankee Stadium. See also: Education in New York City, List of enhance elementary schools in New York City, and Category:Charter schools in New York Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of enhance and private establishments, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages enhance noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, enhance schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's inhabitants over 3 years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools). There are also a several enhance charter schools. Private schools range from elite autonomous schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations. A small portion of territory that is between Pelham and Pelham Bay Park, with a total of 35 homes, is a part of the Bronx, but is cut off from the rest of the borough due to the way the county boundaries were established; the New York City government pays for the residents' kids to go to Pelham Union Free School District schools, including Pelham Memorial High School, since that is more cost effective than sending school buses to take the students to New York City schools. Census, out of the nearly 800,000 citizens in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. See also: List of high schools in New York City Bronx In the 2000 Census, 79,240 of the nearly 95,000 Bronx inhabitants enrolled in high school attended enhance schools. Many enhance high schools are positioned in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, De - Witt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young grownups, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School. In the 1990s, New York City began method the large, enhance high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools. See also: List of universities and universities in New York City The 85-acre (340,000 m2) Bronx campus, known as Rose Hill, is the chief campus of the university, and is among the biggest inside the town/city (other Fordham campuses are positioned in Manhattan and Westchester County). Three campuses of the City University of New York are in the Bronx: Hostos Community College, Bronx Community College (occupying the former University Heights Campus of New York University) and Herbert H. Two universities based in Westchester County have Bronx campuses. By contrast, the private, proprietary Monroe College, concentrated on preparation for company and the professions, started in the Bronx in 1933 but now has a ground in New Rochelle (Westchester County) as well the Bronx's Fordham neighborhood. The State University of New York Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (Throggs Neck) at the far southeastern tip of the Bronx is the nationwide prestige in maritime education and homes the Maritime Industry Museum. See also: Culture of New York City; Music of New York City; List of citizens from the Bronx; and List of Registered Historic Places in Bronx County, New York The Bronx Zoo is the biggest zoo in New York City, and among the biggest in the country. A small wooden farmhouse assembled around 1812, the cottage once commanded unobstructed vistas over the rolling Bronx hills to the shores of Long Island. Poe moved there to get away from the Manhattan town/city air and crowding in hope that the then non-urban area would be beneficial for his wife's tuberculosis. More than a century later, the Bronx would evolve from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop as documented in the award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, "From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale." Hip Hop first emerged in the South Bronx in the early 1970s. The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue "an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and difficult along the Major Deegan Expressway" as a starting point, where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the improve room. The 2016 Netflix series The Get Down is based on the evolution of hip hop in 1977 in the South Bronx. Ten years earlier, the Bronx Opera had been founded. At a party in the recreation room of 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in the Bronx adjoining to the Cross Bronx Expressway. While it was not the actual "Birthplace of Hip Hop" the genre advanced slowly in a several places in the 1970s it was verified to be the place where one of the pivotal and formative affairs occurred. Specifically: Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a primary new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. The Bronx's recognition as an meaningful center of black culture has led Fordham University to establish the Bronx black History Project (BAAHP). The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. The current Yankee Stadium is also the home of New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who began play in 2015. The Bronx is home to a several Off-Off-Broadway theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The Pregones Theater, which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the region since 2002. The peninsular borough's maritime tradition is acknowledged in a several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum is situated in a former enhance school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) homes the Maritime Industry Museum. In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as "Scullers' Row" due in large part to the accomplishments of the Bronx River Restoration Project, a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center. The Bronx has a several small-town newspapers, including The Bronx News, Parkchester News, City News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press (which now has more of a focus on nationwide issues) and Co-Op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott Haven Herald and The Hunts Point Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. The Bronx once had its own daily newspaper, The Bronx Home News, which started publishing on January 20, 1907, and consolidated into the New York Post in 1948. One of New York City's primary non-commercial radio broadcasters is WFUV, a National Public Radio-affiliated 50,000-watt station transmitting from Fordham University's Rose Hill ground in the Bronx. The City of New York has an official tv station run by the NYC Media Group and transmitting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first region in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable tv provider. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access tv (GATV) enhance affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents. See also: List of films set in New York City and List of tv shows set in New York City Paddy Chayefsky's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair, and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film, A Bronx Tale, Spike Lee's 1999 movie Summer of Sam, centered in an Italian-American Bronx community, 1994's I Like It Like That that takes place in the dominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts. The Bronx's gritty urban life had worked its way into the movies even earlier, with depictions of the "Bronx cheer", a loud flatulent-like sound of disapproval, allegedly first made by New York Yankees fans. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. Historians of New York City incessantly point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the town/city and the borough's decline. A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning is in manufacturing in 2006, chronicling what led up to the various arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough. Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name. In the 1979 film The Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn. A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in the Belmont "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. This infamous lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general amid that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch as mayor. The 1981 film Fort Apache, The Bronx is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. Knights of the South Bronx, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film Fuga dal Bronx, also known as Bronx Warriors 2 and Escape 2000, an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the tv series Mystery Science Theatre 3000. Rumble in the Bronx was a 1995 Jackie Chan kung-fu film, another which popularised the Bronx to global audiences. Last Bronx, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant. Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The movie includes stock footage of Bronx housing projects from 1990, as well as some other scenes shot in Manhattan and Brooklyn. The 2012 documentary "South Bronx United" features the Mott Haven neighborhood and its conflict over the online grocery bringy service Fresh Direct's move of their trucking facility from Long Island City to the South Bronx. See also: List of books set in New York City All of the characters in Herman Wouk's City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, the New York Times reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartements." 1 is a presented anthology by the Bronx Council of the Arts and brought forth through a series of workshops meant to empower Bronx inhabitants and shed the stigma on the Bronx's burning past. The Bronx Memoir Project was created as an ongoing collaboration between the Bronx Council on the Arts and other cultural establishments, including The Bronx Documentary Center, The Bronx Library Center, Poe Park Visitor Center, Mindbuilders, and other establishments and funded through a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. The goal was to precarious and refine memoir fragments written by citizens of all walks of life that share a common bond residing inside the Bronx. begins "There's a holdup in the Bronx." In addition, the song "New York, New York" (by Betty Comden and Adolph Green from the 1940s musical comedy and film, [[On the Town (film)|On the Town) explains that "The Bronx is up and the Battery's down." Bronx Local: In Marc Ferris's 5-page, 15-column list of "Songs and Compositions Inspired by New York City" in The Encyclopedia of New York City (1995), only a handful refer to the Bronx; most refer to New York City proper, especuially Manhattan and Brooklyn. The following music also mention the Bronx (see also list of music about New York City): icon New York City portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Bronx County, New York a b c "State & County Quick - Facts Bronx County (Bronx Borough), New York". New York State Department of Health, Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State 2010, retrieved on August 8, 2015. Lloyd Ultann, Bronx Borough Historian, "History of the Bronx River," Paper presented to the Bronx River Alliance, November 5, 2002 (notes taken by Maarten de Kadt, November 16, 2002), retrieved on August 29, 2008. This 2 hour talk covers much of the early history of the Bronx as a whole, in addition to the Bronx River. On the start of company for Bronx County: Bronx County In Motion. "Even with the fact that the new Bronx County Court House is not instead of there was no delay yesterday in getting the court machinery in motion. All the new county officials were on hand and the County Clerk, the District Attorney, the Surrogate, and the County Judge soon had things in working order. Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming! Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. History of the town/city of New York in the seventeenth century. "Bronx History: What's in a Name?". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. The Epic of New York City. Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. Bronx County Bar Association. Karl Ritter, "Swedish town jubilates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. "The Bronx Mall Cultural Mosaic The Bronx... See, for example, New York City Administrative Code 2 202 See, for example, references on the New York City website Clarke, Erin "What's in a Name: How 'The' Bronx Got the 'The'", NY1, , June 7, 2015, Retrieved on February 6, 2016. Steven Hess, "From The Hague to the Bronx: Definite Articles in Place Names", Journal of the North Central Name Society, Fall 1987. "Bronx inhabitants call on media and town/city agencies to capitalize 'The Bronx'". New York Daily News. New York. Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan) in The Encyclopedia of New York City, Yale 1995 New York. "In the Bronx, the Gentry Live On; The Gentry Live On", The New York Times, December 2, 1973. "But the Harlem riverfront was industrializing, and in 1874 the town/city annexed the region west of the Bronx River: Morrisania, West Farms and Kingsbridge. New York. University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, retrieved on August 7, 2008, querying 1930 Enumeration for New York State. Christopher Gray, "Streetscapes: The New York Coliseum; From Auditorium To Bus Garage to..." The New York Times, Real Estate section, March 22, 1992, retrieved on July 2, 2008 Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx, by Seymour J. (retrieved on August 10, 2008), citing populace estimates in "The Jewish Community Study of New York: 2002", UJA [United Jewish Appeal] Federation of New York, June 2004, and his own survey of Jewish house of worship sites. For an example of this argument, as well as of a several other theses mentioned here, see "When the Bronx was burning" City-data forum (blog), 2007, where rubygreta writes:"Rent control finished the Bronx, especially starting in the 1960s and 1970s, when petroleum prices rose through the roof, and heavily subsidized Coop City opened in the East Bronx. PERSPECTIVES: The 10-Year Housing Plan; Issues for the 90's: Management and Costs, The New York Times, January 7, 1990 Neighborhood Change and the City of New York's Ten-Year Housing Plan Housing Policy Debate Volume 10, Issue 4. NOS QUEDAMOS/WE STAY Melrose Commons, Bronx, New York Sustainable Communities Network Case Studies Sustainability in Action 1997, retrieved on July 6, 2008 David Gonzalez, Yolanda Garcia, 53, Dies; A Bronx Community Force, The New York Times, February 19, 2005, retrieved on July 6, 2008 Meera Subramanian, Homes and Gardens in the South Bronx, Portfolio, November 8, 2005, New York University Department of Journalism, retrieved on July 6, 2008 Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Wealthy are drowning in new bank chapters, says study, New York Daily News, Monday, September 10, 2007 Superintendent Neiman Addresses the Ninth Annual Bronx Bankers Breakfast June 15, 2007. Neiman, New York State's Superintendent of Banks, were these: "The Bronx was an economically stable improve until the mid-1960s when the entire South Bronx struggled with primary construction, real estate issues, red-lining, and block busting. Due to strong improve leadership, advances in policing, civil services, and changing economic migration patterns to New York City, the Bronx is undergoing a resurgence, with new housing developments and grow business. New bank targets Latinos in South Bronx December 11, 2007 On June 30, 2005, there were 129 Federally insured banking offices in the Bronx, for a ratio of 1.0 offices for every 10,000 inhabitants. Counties Banking, Retail Trade, and Accommodation and Food Services For 1997 and 2007, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Summary of Deposits; summary tables Deposits of all FDIC-Insured Institutions Operating in New York: State Totals by County all retrieved on July 15 16, 2008. New York Daily News. "Post Office Location BRONX GPO." News 12: The Bronx. The New York Times, Wednesday, May 17, 1896, page 15 (The subheadlines continue "Trolley and Steam Road Systems Vast Areas Being Brought Close to the Heart of the City Miles of New Streets and Sewers. Advantages That Will Soon Relieve Crowded Sections of the City of Thousands of Their Inhabitants.") This is a very useful glimpse into the state of the Bronx (and the hopes of Manhattan's pro-Consolidation forces) as parks, housing and transit were all being quickly developed. The fact that the immediate layer of bedrock in the Bronx is Fordham gneiss, while that of Manhattan is schist has led to the expression: "The Bronx is gneiss (nice) but Manhattan is schist." Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future. Bronx High Point and Ascent of Bronx Point on June 24, 2008 at Peakbaggers.com, retrieved on July 22, 2008 Waterfront Development Initiative, Bronx Borough President's office, March 19, 2004, retrieved on July 29, 2008 Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Last Section Of Macombs Dam Park Closes To The Public For Redevelopment On-site assembly begins on Garage A and the New Macombs Dam Park, Press Release, November 1, 2007, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation retrieved on July 19, 2008 a b In September 2008, Fordham University and its neighbor, the Wildlife Conservation Society, a global research organization which operates the Bronx Zoo, will begin a joint program dominant to a Master of Science degree in adolescent science education (biology grades 7 12). Jerome Park (New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 12, 2008). Crotona Park New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 20, 2008 Article on the Bronx by Gary Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan in The Encyclopedia of New York City (1995 see Further reading for bibliographic details) Bronx Parks for the 21st Century, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 20, 2008. As Maps and Memories Fade, So Do Some Bronx Boundary Lines by Manny Fernandez, The New York Times, September 16, 2006, retrieved on August 3, 2008 Most correlations with Community Board jurisdictions in this section come from Bronx Community Boards at the Bronx Mall web-site, and New York: a City of Neighborhoods Archived September 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., New York City Department of City Planning, both retrieved on August 5, 2008 "'Like a prison for the dead': welcome to Hart Island, home to New York City's pauper graves". Areas touching Bronx County, Map - It. "Jerome Avenue is the Bronx's Fifth Avenue: Jerome Avenue divides the easterly and halves of the Bronx. Bronx factsheet, Tri State Transportation Campaign. "Bronx County Quick - Facts from the US Enumeration Bureau". "New York Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Enumeration to 1990". "Photos: Bronx Residents on Obama". (1) Population 1790 1960: The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1966, page 452, citing estimates of the Department of Health, City of New York. (2) Population 1790 1990: Article on "population" by Nathan Kantrowitz in The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. N.B., Estimates in (1) and (2) before 1920 re-allocate the Enumeration population from the counties whose territory is now partly occupied by Bronx County. "Bronx County, New York". "Bronx County Quick - Facts from the US Enumeration Bureau". Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Trymaine Lee, "Bronx Voters Elect Diaz as New Borough President", The New York Times, New York edition, April 22, 2009, page A24, retrieved on May 13, 2009 The Board of Elections in the City of New York, Bronx Borough President special election results, April 21, 2009 (PDF with details by Assembly District, April 29, 2009), retrieved on May 13, 2009 Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. New York State Board of Elections: 2006 Results Page, retrieved on July 23, 2008. Board of Elections in the City of New York election results, retrieved on July 8, 2008. Board of Elections in the City of New York Summary of Election Results (1999 2008), retrieved on July 21, 2008. The World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1929 & 1957; Our Campaigns (New York Counties Bronx President History); The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), article on "government and politics" To see a comparison of borough votes for Mayor, see New York City mayoral elections#How the boroughs voted Bronx Neighborhood Histories Archived May 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Bronx Hub revival gathers steam Archived November 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. "Chains of Silver: Gateway Center At Bronx Terminal Market Earns LEED Silver Bona Fides" School Enrollment: 2000; Data Set: Enumeration 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) Sample Data; Geographic Area: Bronx County, New York, U.S. The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4 24.". The Bronx at the Internet Movie Database David Gonzalez, "Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop?", The New York Times, May 21, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008 Jennifer Lee, "Tenants Might Buy the Birthplace of Hip-Hop", The New York Times, January 15, 2008, retrieved on July 1, 2008 "The Get Down review an insanely extravagant love letter to 70s New York" by Sam Wollaston, The Guardian, August 15, 2016 a b c Tukufu Zuberi ("detective"), BIRTHPLACE OF HIP HOP, History Detectives, Season 6, Episode 11, New York City, found at PBS official website. Johan Kugelberg, Born in the Bronx; New York: Rizzoli (Universe), 2007; ISBN 978-0-7893-1540-3. "Bronx African American History Project". Christopher Gray, "Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine", The New York Times, May 27, 2007, retrieved on July 3, 2008. "Bronx River Art Center :: Welcome". Its website showcases very short selections (less than 20 seconds and over 2 MB each in uncompressed AIFF format) from Bronx Music Vol.1, an out-of-press compact disc of the old and new sounds and artists of the Bronx. The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50 59.". Kate Simon, Bronx Primitive: Portraits in a Childhood. Anne Barnard, Twenty Years After 'Bonfire,' A City No Longer in Flames, The New York Times, December 10, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008 "A trio of Bronx tomes tell the tales of the borough". "Bronx Council on the Arts Receives National Endowment for the Arts Grant for The Bronx Memoir Project Bronx, NY". The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999) Bronx County Historical Society Journal. The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50 59. The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4 24. New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939) online version "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century", Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4 18 and 2005 42(2): 80 99 The Encyclopedia of New York City, (Yale University Press and The New-York Historical Society, (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the momentous topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, citizens , affairs and creative works. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002) online version Bronx County Historical Society Journal. Bronx County Historical Society Journal. The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), prominent general history The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935 1965 (1992), heavily illustrated prominent history Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999) Bronx County Historical Society Journal. New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939) online version 0 231-12114-8), scholarly history concentrated on the slums of the South Bronx online version "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century," Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4 18 and 2005 42(2): 80 99 Greene, Anthony C., "The Black Bronx: A Look at the Foundation of the Bronx's Black Communities until 1900," Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 44 (Spring Fall 2007), 1 18. The Encyclopedia of New York City, (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the momentous topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, citizens , affairs and creative works. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002) online version Melancholy in the Bronx, but Not Because of the Stadium by David Gonzales, The New York Times, presented and retrieved on September 19, 2008 Bronx County Historical Society Journal. Bronx County Historical Society Journal. The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), prominent general history The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935 1965 (1992), heavily illustrated prominent history Bronx County at DMOZ Weekly Bronx Report from Inner City Press Bronx County, NY Website The Bronx County Historical Society Report of the Bronx Parkway Commission, December 31, 1918, retrieved on July 24, 2008 Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx by Seymour Perlin, retrieved on August 10, 2008 Forgotten New York: Relics of a Rich History in the Everyday Life of New York City Bronx County, New York Categories: The Bronx - Boroughs of New York City - County seats in New York - Populated coastal places in New York - Populated places established in 1898 - 1898 establishments in New York